A business report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

A business report - Essay ExampleThe musical theme emanates from the brain and is composed of the processes of the brain. The mind exists only with the presence of the brain. However, the mind is not the same as the brain. Descartes dualism opening tried to explain the existence of the mind and be as two fundamentally different articles. However, thither atomic number 18 a number of scientific phenomena which evince the evidence of the mind being a output of the brain. In this regard, once the brain is not able to exist, (such as by death) the mind will similarly not exist.Immortality would not be able to exist because the soft parts of the human existence (the mind) are dependent on the physical existence of the persons (the physical body). Immortality could therefore only exist if the human body existed. However, with the death of the body, the immortality of the mind (or souls for that matter) would not achieve immortality. There is no substantiation that can be offered to indicate that the soul or the mind lives past death (destruction of the physical being). Locke theory is supportive of this as it place the personality of an individual as depending on the memories, which die after

Low Carbon Building - Proposed_layout_of_New_Community_Centre_Hong Essay

Low Carbon Building - Proposed_layout_of_New_Community_Centre_Hong Kong - Essay simulationctional and structural design for the various alternative energy sources available for the operation(s), demonstrate the workability and economics of the energy source(s) exposit and Recommend the appropriate energy source(s) to be used for the various operation(s).Light transfer between extremely glazed internal spaces such as atria or light wellswhere these features are found Energy Assessors tin expect the need to pay moreattention to manipulating input dataand recording any assumptions made and their justificationRegulation requires that unseasoned constructions must(prenominal) achieve or split up this target. The TER is based on the performance of theNotionalbuilding and the following procedure must be followed in order to establish the TER. The procedure converts calculated building loads intoenergy (and hence CO2emissions) victimisation seasonal efficiency parametersThe following adjustments must be made, If the calculated take account is greater than 0.22W/mK, the value of 0.22W/mK must be used in the Notional building. If the calculated value is little than 0.22W/mK with no added insulation, this lower value must be used in the NotionalbuildingThe reckoning procedure must always control the space temperature to the set- guide on defined for the relevant activity area in the NCM database, irrespective of the control temperature prevailing in the building as it operates in practice. The control set point will only vary according to the level of servicing provided.Using the table of the 2010 notional building data, the range of values, the CO2 improvement can be carried out by reduce carbon emissions and atmospherical pollution by encouraging local energy generation from renewable sources to supply much better tolerable ratio of the energy

Health Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Health - Article ExampleSome, with adequate and early therapy, are able to attend unbendable classes in school and secure avenues of employment afterwards albeit somewhat limited. Though autism is incurable and usu ally results in social isolation to varying degrees, various forms of intercession have proven to make a unimpeachably positive impact in the way autistics interact with early(a)s.Autism is the most prevalent developmental disorder poignant one in every 166 children (How Common?, 2006). Symptoms of the disorder can be generally described as the incapability to adequately interact socially along with a disinterested demeanor. It is an abnormality in the social organization of the brain caused by genetic predispositions or from damage occurring during the development phase (Bryson & Smith, 1998). The severity of autism varies widely among individuals as does its related symptoms but there are certain aspects relating to social interaction shared by all with the disorde r. Avoiding direct eye contact, distinctive body posturing and facial expressions as well as other nonverbal communication deficiencies are a common trait. Autistic children seldom associate with those of their own age-group as well as showing a general disinterest in interacting with any other people. They to a fault do not demonstrate empathy because they lack the understanding of another persons sorrow or pain. Deficiencies in communication skills can include symptoms such as a delay in verbalize development or not being able to speak at all. About half of those with autism never learn to talk.Well-designed and personalized programs targeted to manage an autistic persons biological disorder have proven to take full advantage of their learning potential thus lessening the effects of autism. The objective of treatment is to enhance the childs language and social development and to curb behaviors which impede the childs learning capabilities. A cure is not possible because autism i s a chronic cognitive

Financial cost Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial cost - Coursework ExampleGive at least five size up to(p)ness of pecuniary figurening to a business. Also, give specific examples how pecuniary externalisening can be useful to mess limited.Financial envisionning helps in effective cash management in a business. When a financial plan is developed, it helps in keeping a tight rein on expenditures during the low tax income periods. Another importance of setting up a financial plan is that a long-range view is presented. The business is able to focus on the issues which on a daily basis must be dealt with accordingly. The financial plan allows the business owners see what expenditures need to be made in order to keep the company sprain and stay ahead of its competitors. It also helps a business since spotting trends is an easy thing. This is because a financial plan involves setting quantifiable targets which can be compared to results that are real during the year. It enhances expenditure prioritizing by conserving f inancial resources consequently making the business successful. Measuring appear is also enhanced through the creation of a financial planning. Financial planning has helped Softwood Ltd control and manage cash flow in terms of revenue and expenditure. It has also helped in determining the current financial status and plan for future activities with respect to money. Its progress has been able to be measured due to financial plan availability.Information is data. The various factors that make information authorized are accuracy, credibility, and flexibility.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 371

duty assignment ExampleA civil wrong referred to as a tort. In cases where the damage caused was not intentional, this is what is called unknowing tort. Negligence is the most common type of unintentional tort (Lesson 8). Unintentional tort does not affect the victim to show proof of intent from the actor.Sovereign immunity is a judicial doctrine that protects brass agencies from liability (Lesson 8). The Texas Tort Claims is there to protect school districts from liability resulting from any case that might arise, save those that result from the school or its staff being negligent (Walsh, Kemerer and Maniotis, 2010). Example in countries ruled by monarchies, the concept of sovereign immunity applies because the king or the queen are said not to do any wrong.In the case on Barr v. Bernhard the court ruled that the school known as Kerrville ISD was not liable(p) for the damage caused when a barn roof collapsed on a student (Lesson 8). This case is solid because it serves as an example, for students and parents who may decide to sue schools which are usually immune to such liabilities (Lesson 8).Wood v. Strickland serves as an example for other. One, the school officials immunity was dependent on if the officials had acted sincerely without malicious intent to deprive students of their rights (Lesson 8). Secondly, if they knew their actions profaned the constitutional rights.The case shows the key grounds for students to sue if their due process rights get violated. The coach is whitewash liable because using the defense that there was assumption of risk does not relieve him from negligence (Lesson 8).Foreseeability is an primary(prenominal) aspect in liability cases such as the negligence cases (Lesson 8). If a teacher fails to foresee that a student may be harmed and the teacher does act in a prudent manner, they are liable for

Kindred Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kindred - Essay ExampleThe book starts with the basic premise of controlling and protecting the unripesters life for her own existence. The initial relationship between Rufus and Dana is based on equality. Rufus although coming from washcloth race, treats Dana with some respect and love. Rufus is dependent on her for his life and is in awe with her because of her sophistication and education. Rufus c every(prenominal)s her Nigger which he doesnt realize or detect to be offensive. It is also an example how power was taken for given(p) by white men and the culture of the society. His compliance to Danas request that he would call her saturnine woman is a surprise considering this background. He grows up to be a violent, tyrannical and spoilt young man because he emulates his father. Weylins believe in the racial superiority and exercise through the power they brook over their household and plantation. The physical brutality is exercised to keep the household in control and to de monstrate the sum of money of the power. Rufus also has this streak but feels that his people should also love him and think of him to be a skinny master, makes him spend for them. It is often noticed in the book that people who exercise power also feel the need of love they want in return. There are evident examples of this in the relationships between, Alice and Rufus, Dana and Rufus. In all of these one is dominant and the other submits to dominance against the will.

Commuincation in Business Culture Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Commuincation in Business Culture - Term Paper ExampleThis essay explains the rules in communicating in a avocation culture and explains situations when a rule may be violated. When considering communicating in business culture its clear there argon a number of overarching rules integrity must consider. When considering parley in the business context, its first necessary to examine the nature of forms of communication. In these regards, there is the obvious form of face-to-face communication in the specific business environment. Still, there are numerous other forms of communication that do not involve much(prenominal) interaction. For instance, business communication progressively involves technological mediation, with employees remaining in context with each other through email, telephone, or forms of social media. wiz of the notable features of these elements of communication is the understanding that in large-part the medium of communication influences the rules for success ful communication. In further examining the rules of communication within business culture its clear there are a number of rules that emerge. superstar of the primary rules of business communication is avoiding barriers to direct and efficient communication practices. One of the primary barriers to communication is compound-messages. ... non following this rule can result in decreased efficiency levels, as employees need to effect to ensure that they gained the correct meaning of the message. In more serious business contexts, it is even possible for such forms of communication to have disastrous consequences. Still, its recognized that there are instances when individuals need to use mixed messages in business communication. For instance, in financial climates or areas of high-density business, its clear that in properly articulating messages its necessary to implement complex linguistic forms of expression. Another major rule of communication in the business culture concerns the importance of not withholding cultivation. While withholding data is slightly more complex a formulation than the rule of not delivering complex messages, its equally important. The nature of a useable business environment relies on open and clear communication practices. Indeed, its been argued that, if employees consistently withhold information the issue can become a pervasive one affecting all levels of organizational social structure (Dianne 2010, pg. 111). When employees withhold information this results in decreased efficiency levels and affects the companys ultimate profitability. Withholding information occurs for a variety of reasons. For instance employees may withhold information as a means of maintaining designer through knowledge disparity. In this context of understanding, one considers the notion of knowledge is power as a central consideration. Other employees may withhold information from each other simply out of a general dislike or avoidance. In these re gards, its necessary for

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Psychology - Essay Examplebehaviours in three general ways as follows (Social Psychology, 2005) Primarily, it perceives the thoughts, feelings and behaviours of tidy sum that are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of others, which includes social perception, social interaction and many other types of influencing factors bid trust and persuasion. Second, social psychology attempts to understand the influence that individual perceptions and behaviours have on a base. It involves conceive aspects like group productivity and group decision making. Third, it tries to understand groups as behavioural entities, along with the relationships and influences that unrivaled group may have on another.In relevance to the preceding paragraphs, the understanding of the following sociological social psychological makees is essential in order to realize the value of attitudes and behaviours in group settings (Social Psychology, 2005) 1. grouping Cohesion and Conformity 2) Co nsensus, Groups Structure, Work Performance and Decision Making 3) Collective Behaviour Social Movements and mass Behaviour 4) Intergroup Behaviour 5) Social Structure, Population Density and Personality 6) Dissent, Deviance and Reactions to Deviance, and 7) Intergroup Conflict.This social psychological process tackles the degree of change that members in the group will undergo regarding behaviours, views and attitudes in order to fit in with the view of the group. The group can influence its members by the exertion of overt social pressure on individuals and this is usually done through the three subtypes of conformity which are a) compliance where the member conforms only in public but asserts one own views in private b) identification conformity is done in public and privately while the individual is a member of the group, but not after leaving the group c) internalization conforming to the groups view publicly and privately during and after group membership.Moreover, when a group of

Art and Architecture of Africa-Identification of terms Assignment

Art and Architecture of Africa-Identification of terms - Assignment ExampleIt was common with ancient Egypt. It came to use to a lower place the kingdom of pharaoh Sneferu (Crouch, 34). In architecture, zoomorphic architecture refers to architecture that, designs tend to build buildings in resemblance of animals. In new(prenominal) contexts, it pertains to deity or being conceived in the form of an animal. In abstract terms, it represents or uses animal forms. look Medhane is a score that revolves around the ability of a person to possess tools to become an original person with a highly creative approach. Therefore, it is essential in art as much as originality is. Verdite is the name given to the two types of green stones prime in South Africa, which are used in trend sculptures (PALMER, 5). Ankh is also known as the key of life and was associated with ancient Egypt as a representative of ceaseless life. Afo-A-Komis a wooden sculpture that was curved as sacred sculpture among the Kom people one of the tribes found in Cameroon (Kostof, 46). Wattle and Daub, on the other hand, refers to a building material used in qualification walls. It is important in architecture as it involve woven lattice of wooden strips in make beautiful walls. A white lady is a female ghost who has been known to be seen in rural areas across the world and associated with a local tragedy (Begg, 35). It forms part of modern art in acting and stage show movies. Apedemak refers to a lion headed warrior god who was known as one of the gods of the Nubia among the Meroitic

Security in Website Design Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Security in Website Design - Research Paper congressmanJust as in the physical world, in the virtual world of the Web to a hot type of cyber criminals emerged. Information is money on the Web, and cybercriminals began targeting information that they were not authorized to access or utilize.It was at the face of such an evolving situation that security assumed overwhelming significance in the entire ICT gamut. The estimator system had to be protected, the communication network had to be protected and the websites and the web servers had to be protected.Access cover through firewalls, maintaining information confidentiality through strong encryption processes, a range of intrusion detection systems, anti-virus, and anti-phishing software system are being deployed to provided security to information on the web and the Internet. While evolving technology offers many such security solutions for protecting the network as a whole, the servers and the client systems used to access the Web, a ample deal also depends on the how websites are designed. When a hacker attacks a network with no grade access to the internet, the first step is getting a user to access a malicious turn on or web site. The design of any website has to take security into account right from the conceptualization and planning stages.The fact is that theoretical security is always less effective than practical security i.e. unobtrusive security that can be practically implemented on a day-to-day basis. The concern, in this case, is that useful security is about the ways in which the users of the website would experience both privacy and security, albeit a technology, in second life.

Comparison of the TV Bra for Living Sculpture and the Olympia Essay

Comparison of the TV Bra for sustainment sculpture and the capital of Washington - Essay ExampleComparison of the TV Bra for financial backing Sculpture and the Olympia art will always remain part and parcel of life. It has been there since time immemorial and there ar several ho intenthold names that are cognize for various pieces of art.The Olympia and the TV Bra for Living Sculpture are such pieces of art that have brought some form of controversy in the clear matter that they have and will be the decoct of discussion in this paper. The Olympia was done by Edouard Manet, a French painter in 1863. This painting ca utilize such uproar when it was presented at the Salon in 1865 and the authorities at the Salon were forced to put it further up and put two fortify guards to prevent the painting from macrocosm damaged by the public. The painting encompasses a reclining nude woman cosmos tended to by a black maid while a black cat is on the farthest right of the bed where the woman is lying gazing rather mysteriously to the viewer of the painting. The TV Bra for Living Sculpture is a piece of work done by Nam June Paik in 1969 and is found in the toss Art Center. It is made of video tubes, television, rheostat, Plexiglas boxes, vinyl straps, foot switches, cables and copper wire. All these were connected to match a bra, which is a piece of cloth used by women to hold their breasts in place. According to Salter, p.116, it is used to portray how electronics can be humanized since it entails the use of a TV as a bra a bra is something that is considered intimate to the female human being, and it is so unlikely that a TV can be used as a bra. That being, the idea was to stimulate the fantasy of finding a new, imaginative and humane use of technology. Both artists, Edouard Manet and Nam June Paik are renowned artists. This is mostly due to the style of art that they engage in, for example, Manet was known for a series of paintings featuring naked women su ch as the Le Dejeuner sur IHerbe. On the identical scale, Nam June Paik did a number of electronically inspired arts throughout the 1960s such as the TV chair, Opus paintings, TV cello and TV garden among former(a)s (Smithsonian American Art Museum, p.2). All these pieces of art encompassed electronics being portrayed in a unique way. While the Olympia is made of oil paint the TV bra for living sculpture is made of various electronic devices such as copper wires, cables, switches and a TV screen. These two pieces have different materials but this does not make them any less desirable. The Olympia measures 130.5 by 190 centimeters and Manet used strong brush strokes which many people considered to be unfashionable at that moment since it was the kind of painting that little children used to practice their painting skills (Courtesans, p.1). The painting has a big contrast between the dark part that is on the background and the lighting on the foreground. The lighting sanctifys focu s to the woman lying on the bed as opposed to the other components of the painting such as the maidservant that is serving the lady as well as the cat that is on the bed (Courtesans, p.1). This serves to give the painting a desirable effect in addition to contributing to the thematic concern of the paint. The composition of the Olympia is not very different from other pieces of its time. However, the only unique aspect of its composition is that Manet took what was a classical composition and put it in a contemporary setting that could be referred to everyone else (Wallace, p.1). This was achieved by the use of the woman of a common origin bringing a sense of immediacy to the painting. On the other hand, the composition of the TV bra for living sculpture is rather unique since it encompasses the use of modern

How can we help people who are living longer to live better Assignment

How chamberpot we help people who are living longer to live better - Assignment Example check to the World Health Organization, the eradication of non communicable diseases whitethorn be a factor in achieving this goal. It is by adjusting the lifestyle choices of most people that this is possible.It is also vital to note that physical activity plays a knock-down(a) role in enabling people live better lives. As people age, the body may not be as highly functional as it was in its prime years. However, by think on adjusting the mental acuity of most people in their prime years, it is possible to carry such(prenominal) an attitude toward their golden years. Offering care and support to those living longer is also a dash to escort that they get the attention they desperately need. It is often said that happiness may result in people living longer (Themer 2015, p. 73). In this case, it may improve the quality of life of an individual if they notice happy. By educating people on the benefits of physical activity, healthy lifestyle choices, and low stress factors, it is possible to ensure that people living longer also live better lives.

Annotated bibliography of sources Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Of sources - Annotated Bibliography ExampleLastly, the author points erupt the contribution of growing population to greenhouse gas emissions.Tao, M., Chen, L., Wang, Z., Ma, P., Tao, J., & Jia, S. (2014). A study of urban pollution and fogginess clouds over northern mainland China during the dusty season based on satellite and surface observations. atmospheric Environment, 82183-192. doi10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.010Tao, M., Chen, L., Wang, Z., Ma, P., Tao, J., and Jia, S explain a large scale study carried on northern China during spring. The study, which was carried step forward using satellite and ground observations aimed to identify and evaluate the process of urban pollution. The study in any case explains the different types of haze clouds found in Beijing area. Therefore, the information found in this article is important in explaining formation hazy weather in China.China Daily is a newspaper promulgated daily in the Peoples Republic of China. In addition, the newspap er is written in English language reservation it easy to be understood by many professionals in the world. Apart from the language used to print, the newspapers is capable and reliable in this research because newspaper information is highly regulated by the government and undergoes some(prenominal) vetting within the company to ensure it is from reliable sources before being printed. Therefore, the information concerning car pollution is verifiable and can be used in our study.Greenpeace International is a non-governmental organization that is concerned with environmental conditions in the world. The organization is keen on environmental developments and actively collects relevant data to ascertain environmental conditions in order to create awareness and give propositions on how the conditions can be dealt with. In this article, the organization points out the problems and impacts of air pollution in China. The organization further gives simple solutions that can be used to p ass the problem of air pollution in China. Therefore,

Creativity and Innovation in Business Coursework - 1

Creativity and Innovation in Business - Coursework ExampleThis paper tells that the importance of creativity and innovation has also been fueled by picture to technology and education (Singh, 2008). Through this, business administrators and innovators have a wider canvass from which to research their theories and ideas. This paper aims to explore the creative and innovative elements that could be put in place for a statistics firm in the wellness domain.Creativity refers to the phenomenon of pushing the mind to its greatest potentials in order to develop new ideas. Innovation, on the new(prenominal) hand, refers to the actual introduction and enhancement of change through previously unexploited ideas. Notably, while one whitethorn be creative they may not necessarily be innovative. Creativity is not measurable because it is congenital it is impossible to determine where exactly an individuals creative aspect reach as it is not visible. Innovation is measurable because it is visi ble the changes that one effect can be seen in the system upon which they work. In summation, creativity is centered on conceptualization the creation of concepts upon which a system could become more powerful and outstanding (Anheir, 2010). Innovation is centered on the action it allows one to act upon the concepts they have developed in a manner that is visible and definitive to all the stakeholders involved.Tanner Inc is an organization that deals with statistics and record keeping for the wellness sector. The problem in this regard is that there appears to be a miscommunication and misunderstanding between the patients and the staff of Mt. chromatic hospital. The patients, for the most part, are illiterate and therefore are unable to understand and keep track of their health check records. The staffs, owing to a large number of patients they have to deal with, frequently overlook certain aspects of patients health that eventually become detrimental.

The five functions of management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The five functions of management - Essay ExampleThe five functions of managementThis function enables the managers to disseminate authority to individual job holders or other employees (Martin and Fellenz 1-75). Controlling can be seen as a four step process of establishing performance standards based on the companys mission and objectives, amount and reporting of actual performance, comparing the two and pickings of other corrective or preventive actions that whitethorn be deemed necessary to solve a particular problem. The main purpose of controlling is to identify deviations from the objectives and taking corrective action (French, Rayner and Rees 12-25). Directing refers to the ability to influence peoples behavior through the motivation, communication, host dynamics, leadership and discipline. The aim of directing is to channel the behavior of all the personnel to accomplish the organizations mission and objectives while at the same time helping them accomplish their own mis givinger objectives (French, Rayner and Rees 12-25). Staffing is plectron and keeping filled with qualified people all the positions in the business. Some of the specific activities included in this function include recruiting, hiring, training, evaluating and compensating employees. In order to carry out this function properly a bowl will liaise with the human resource department. The use of incentives has been seen as advantageous because they further and promote permit safe behavior among employees at the work place. It is a way that companies are able to demonstrate that they care for their employees and recognizes those who work safely. Secondly long term behavior can be changed through awareness and the furnish of financial rewards for proper behavior and this will result in improved morale and reduced actor compensation costs. Third safety incentive programs reduce accidents at the work place as they encourage employees to work in safe conditions (Princhard). The disadva ntages of safety incentive programs are that, first they do not prevail any changes in the existing processes or procedures. Accidents are generally as a combination of near unsafe conditions and therefore by giving employees rewards they try to minimize accidents but the sane processes are so far in existence. Incentives also ignore reasons such that they deflect attention from real issues and can disguise sincere deficiencies, flaws or safety management process within the organization. Third incentives are based on a wrong assumption that is unsafe acts. They assume that accidents are intentional acts and that these incentives will cause employees to stop behaving improperly which is wrong (Princhard). Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Maslows hierarchy of postulate theory is a theory of motivation that is used to explain the spectrum of human behavior. He proposed that motivation is a function of five canonic needs physiological, safety, love, esteem and self-actualization. He s aid that these categories are arranged in a hierarchy- that human needs emerge in a predictable stair-step fashion. When one need is satisfied another need up in the ladder emerges or is activated. The process continues until the need for self-actualization is activated (Harold Koontz 290-98). Physiological needs include the avocation food, water, warmth, rest and shelter. Safety needs include the

Vulnerable Populations - Homeless People in Los Angeles County, Research Paper

Vulnerable Populations - Homeless People in Los Angeles County, atomic number 20 - Research Paper Examplem homeless personness problem that goal for a long time having this damage which is often complicated by means of getting addicted to drugs and suffering from some physical illnesses. correspond to the statistics regarding Los Angeles County in California, almost one quarter of the countys homeless population argon homeless as they are chronic everyy ill. The chronic homelessness is described as an unaccompanied disabled person who has been made homeless for more than a year or has at least suffered four periods of homelessness in last ternion years (National coalition for homelessness, 2009). In Los Angeles County, at that place is increasing number of youngsters who have become homeless and there is also growing number of homeless veterans in the area. According to the report submitted by the government of Los Angeles, cited by Burt (2011), about 18% of homeless in County a re veterans which are a 3% increase from last year i.e. 2010. Even the number of male and female veteran homelessness has increased by 51% and 22% respectively.According to Einspar (2010), homelessness is described as a lack of permanent housing that usually results either from extremum poverty problem or inability to have instant access to living environment which is capable and ideal for the people. Recently, there has been growing trend of family homelessness and the main factors that have contributed to increase in this problem are decline in rental housing as they are unable to cover the rent amounts supercharged to them and widening of gap between income that is earned and cost of housing for families that have low income. Almost all vulnerable populations are facing extreme poverty and are at great risk for both(prenominal) mental and physical illnesses (Nooe & Patterson, 2011).In Los Angeles County, families that have children have received attention from government auth ority as it is the rising area of population that is homeless. Most of the cases have revealed that homeless families mainly comprise of mother

Lifespan Development Essay Example for Free

Lifespan Development probeLifespan maturation, alike cognise as human training, is a field of chew over that is devoted to brain constancy and mixture throughout a persons lifespan (Berk, 2010). Lifespan development begins with early childhood and looks at several points in a persons life in which significant change takes place. The study of children did non begin until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (Berk, 2010). Throughout the years, there was untold speculation about how batch grow and change and when combined with research, theories of development surfaced. These theories were vital and provided organized frameworks for observations of people and they argon verified by research and provide a basis for practical action (Berk, 2010). more theories developed to study the development of infants and children through out life and these theories continue to have an impact on society and research today. there are many notable development researchers a nd schools of thought such as Locke, Rousseau, Arnold Gesell, Ivan Pavlov, Lawrence Kohlberg, Social Learning Theory, Stages of Moral Development, and Ethiological Theories just to name a hardly a(prenominal) (Crain, 2005). There are more or less researchers and schools of thought who still have an impact today such as Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution, Jean Piaget and his Cognitive-Developmental theory, and the psychoanalytic theory introductory developed by Sigmund Freud.Charles Darwin is significant to developmental studies today because it was he who paved the way, or opened the door for the many schools of thought that followed. Darwin is known as the forefather of scientific child study (Berk, 2010). Darwin was a naturalist who observed the variation among plant and animal species but along with that, he to a fault noticed that within a specific species, no two individuals were alike (Berk, 2010). Darwin developed his theory which emphasized the principles of natu ral selection and survival of the fit rivulet. Darwins theory stated that certain species survive in token environments because they have characteristics that fit with or are adapted to their surroundings (Berk, 2010).Those within the species that best meet the survival requirements live long enough to cast and keep the species going (Berk, 2010). Darwin, in his travels and research, noticed some similarities in prenatal growth among species. Darwin noted that the embryos of most species are highly similar in their early forms unveil their descent from a common ancestor (Crain, 2005). Today, in the broad scheme of things, Darwins theory is oppose in that there is variation within species and only some survive long enough to reproduce and pass along traits. What Darwin did not understand was the mechanisms underlying the transmission of traits (Crain, 2005). Because of this, Darwin is considered the starting point for the vast touchstone of research done on lifespan development. An separate important aspect of the study of lifespan development is the Cognitive-Developmental theory of Jean Piaget. Piagets theory stated that children actively construct knowledge as they ready and explore their world (Berk, 2010). Piaget did not believe that a childs learning depended on reinforcers as the behaviorists believed. Piaget developed stages and he realized that children pass through his stages at different rates and did not ante up specific attention to the ages at the various stages but noted that they all pass through the stages in the same order (Crain, 2005). Piagets theory consisted of four periods Sensorimotor Intelligence (birth to 2 years), Preoperational Thought (2 to 7), cover Operations (7 to 11), and Formal Operations (11 to adulthood) (Berk, 2010 Crain, 2005).Piaget was able to convince people that children are active learners whose minds consist of abundant structures of knowledge (Berk, 2010). Piagets research influenced much of the research tod ay that focuses on childrens concept of self, other people, and human relationships. Many educational philosophies and programs that place emphasis on discovery learning and direct connection were encouraged by Piagets theory (Berk, 2010 Crain, 2005). Piagets theory did not come without criticism and challenges. about researchers believe that Piaget truly underestimated the competencies of children. This called for much research to be conducted to challenge and refute Piagets theory and also to find ways to expound upon and improve his theory.The most influential school of thought is that of the Psychoanalytic spot developed by Sigmund Freud. This perspective states that people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. (Berk, 2010). The school of thought basically focused on the fact that psychological change is governed by inner forces such as feelings, impulses, and fantasies (Crain, 2005). Freud had al l of his patients use free association in their sessions allowing them to talk freely about the painful events of their childhood (Berk, 2010). Freud developed the psychosexual theory based on theiry unconscious thoughts. This theory states that how parents manage their childs sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development (Berk, 2010).Freuds theory was considered the first to place richness on the influence of the early parent-child relationship and its involvement in development (Berk, 2010). Freuds theory stock much criticism because he did not study children directly and was heavy on the sexual influences in development (Crain, 2005). The controversy surrounding this particular school of thought, prompted much research making it one of, if not the influential theories in development. Research on the many aspects of emotional and social development which includes infant-caregiver attachment, aggression, sibling relationships, c hild-rearing practices, morality, gender roles, and adolescent identity grew from the theory of Freud (Berk, 2010).There are many different ways in which development is researched. One way is systematic observation. There are different ways in which observations of children and adults can be conducted. Some researchers choose to go into the field or the natural environment and record the behavior which is known as naturalistic observation (Berk, 2010). Through naturalistic observation, researchers are able to get a first hand look at the subjects. On the other side though, some people may not unwrap the same behavior in their everyday life. Structured observations happen when the researcher sets up a laboratory situation that evokes behavior of interest so that every participant has equal opportunity to display the response (Berk, 2010). The ways that the research is gathered varies depending on what is being researched. Systematic observations tell how people actually behave but fail to provide the reasons behind the behavior.Self-reports allow participants to provide information on their perceptions, thoughts, abilities, feelings, and other things of that nature. They are normally structured interviews, unstructured interviews, questionnaires, and tests. Clinical interviews allow for researchers to use a flexible, conversational bolt to probe for the participants point of view (Berk, 2010). Structured interviews, which includes tests and questionnaires, asks all participants the same set of questions (Berk, 2010). They are easier to score and the researchers are able to identify a behavior of interest because the participants is given alternatives in dissolvent choices.The case study methods brings together a wide range of information on one person, including interviews, observations, and test scores (Berk, 2010). This method is generally used when one wants to study a particular congregation that may be small in size but varies in characteristics. Thi s method can be viewed as bias because the information that is collected is sometimes done unsystematically and is subjective and geared toward the researchers theoretical perspective. There are other ways of perusing development such as ethnography which is aimed at studying a culture as a whole or a distinct social group through participant observation.Ethics plays a major role in the study of development as well. It is important to consider things such as the rights of the participants. This includes, protection from harm, informed respond, privacy, knowledge of the result, and beneficial treatments (Berk, 2010). Informed consent is especially important because it provides safeguards for children and elderly people who are cognitively impaired or have to be cared for in settings for the chronically ill (Berk, 2010). Research generally creates ethical issues because of the search for scientific knowledge and at the same time has the opportunity to exploit people.ReferencesBerk, L.E. (2010). Development through the lifespan. (5th Ed.). Boston, MA Allyn and Bacon Crain, W. (2005). Theories of development Concepts and applications. (5th Ed.). Upper level River, NJ Pearson Prentice Hall

Ethical Code Of Data Collection Essay Example for Free

Ethical Code Of Data Collection EssayEthical code is vital to every survey. seekers today ar obliged to follow the dissimilar ethical codes designed and guided by different institutions like government agencies, investigate agencies and marketing associations pertinent to the different countries, societies and communities. This is the first thing investigateers should take into favor while developing or designing question materials. There argon ethical code enforcement bodies in almost each(prenominal) layers of our community from local institutions to the federal level, which has the power to control all the interrogation related to activities and their impact in the community. Research is highly affected and influenced by ethical codes.One of the major aims of the MRA ( market Research Association) ethical code is that while conducting look into researchers should not act in such a direction that it violates the general public laws which will discredit peoples conf idence against the entire research profession. The research code of ethics is there to establish guidelines and principles to maneuver researchers to achieve the goals and objectives in a socially unimpeachable manner. Therefore, Marketing Research Association code of ethics guides researchers in almost all layers of their work from their research design phase of the research to the communication of findings of the research to the concerned parties.Some of the principle elements of the MRA ethical codes accommodate 1. People or the community should be baffling as major participants in the all facets of the research. 2. Researchers should loll written permission from the people in the community which will be involved in the research project. 3. All the resources ( schooling self-collected from the community) are directassets of that community and therefore researchers should communicate the findings of research to the community and those info should be returned to the community . 4. While publishing the research findings, the community or the people associated with the research should be involved in decision making process. 5. And finally, researchers should make sure that the partners of the research (community) have agreed to make entropy available to the publication.Above mentioned principles are the major pillars of the MRA ethical code of research. It stands the power to the community and provides the decision making ability to those who are the members or a part of the community. MRA ethical code of research has become a key guiding principle of any research activity. How researchers design their research depends upon MRAs ethical codes of research, review, and regulation. look upon of the individual persons or participants privacy is the key focus of the research code. It is the degree of control which research participants have over the researchers nearly their own information and how researchers deal with that information roughly participants. This code of ethics provides exclusive rights to the research participants about whether to enrol in the research or not. In the next level, research code of ethics prioritized the maximization of the benefits of the research to the concerned partner, community or society. A survey result or the research does not always provide advantages or the benefits the community.Therefore, another(prenominal) ethical code of the researchers is to maximize the possible benefits of the research and minimize the harm of research or research findings to its participants or community. Researchers should always have a sense of justice towards its research. Researchers can never include all the members or elements of its target population, therefore while selecting the sample they should be non-discriminatory. By doing so, researchers not only do justice to the participants or the community but also maximize the chances of integrity of the research findings.Another all-important(a) issue of the re search ethical code is the confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants. Researchers areliable to provide highest level confidentiality of the info towards the participants. MRA research code of ethics makes sure that researchers provides complete confidentiality to its research participants unless the answering or the participants of the research themselves waives their confidentiality.Besides these basic ethical codes of info collection, researchers should not falsify or omit collected info for any reason during the data collection process. And before collecting the data researchers should specify the methods of data collection, time and date of data collection, sampling frame and method and sampling size and these predetermined methodologies are not subject to change without the permission of the research participants. Data collectors should not reveal the information about the client or sponsor to the participants during the data collection phase without proper authorization. If the respondent wants to know about the sponsor or the clients then the data collectors can only reveal the information only to respondent with the authorization to do so by the clients or sponsor.The data collectors are liable to protect the confidentiality regarding the duty of the client without the express written consent of the client and without the necessary ground to do so. If the data collectors are conducting the secondary data collection then revealing the source of the data to their client is their prime business and they should not present secondary data as primary data to their clients or sponsor. If a respondent wants to withdraw or refused to participate in the middle of the data collection process then the data collectors or the researchers have no right to coerce them or make the cooperation obligatory by cloggy them with anything.Researchers or the data collectors should always respect and protect the right to participate and r ight not to participate in the research by the respondent at any time from beginning to the end of data collection. The result of the study or the collected data is the property of the clients or the sponsor therefore, researchers or the data collectors should not at any cost share the findings of the collected data to the third party without the pre-consent of the clients or sponsor. Researchers are liable to follow the standard ethical code of data collections coordinated and enforced by the agencies like Marketing Research Association and federal agencies.ReferencesMarketing Research Association (2012). Retrieved on October 5, 2014 from www.mra-net.org Malhotra, N. K. (2010). Marketing Research an Applied Orientation (Sixth ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall.

An Imaginary Life and Wordsworth Essay Example for Free

An notional conduct and Wordsworth EssayIn both David Maloufs novel An Imaginary sprightliness and William Wordsworths numberss, it is discernible how diverse generation and elaborations influence the significance of the association humanity can move over with the natural world. in that respect are four key techniques which are portrayed by both writers, portraying of characters, signismism, im boardry and disquiet these techniques are presented through themes. The portraying of characters is shown through the theme of finding aceself in personality, symbolism finding apply in nature, imagery is emphasized through the indication that it is easier to splice with nature as a youngster and concerns towards the writers are accentuate through the theme of drifting away from nature. These themes help the writers highlight their techniques to the readers.Although both writers address the same views on nature, their context allows them to differ greatly from one another . Both Malouf and Wordsworth write through definite characters, Malouf wrote in his novel An Imaginary Life through the character Ovid and Wordsworth through first person. An imaginary Life was written in a post- amatory era and tells the story of the Roman poet Ovids exile from Rome the centre of culture at the time to the bleak wilderness at Thomis, near the Black Sea. Here we have a person absolutely dependent on lyric a poet forced to live in a world where the landscape, the language, all is alien him. Eventually, with the assistance of the Child, a youth reared in the wild, Ovid comes to accept his new surroundings.He does this by using the power of language and imagination to puddle this new world for himself in a way that is meaningful. His finding of a familiar flower, a poppy, in the wilderness, evokes for him the magical power of language to construct human reality. This reflects his personal views on nature as he himself chose to leave social club and become a par t of and appreciate nature. Wordsworth on the other hand wrote in first person, making it clear to his hearing that these are his views and opinions. His mother died in 1788 at the age of eight and his father in 1783 at the age of thirteen. From there Wordsworth considered nature to be an adoptive parent.He rejected society, Come forth into the light of things, allow nature be your teacher, this shows how Wordsworth idolizes nature, he portrays nature as light and puts it into a superior position. Wordsworth introduced the sentimentalist era, at the time poems were written to allow the reader to feel the emotions of the composer. Nature was considered high in the romantic era, Wordsworths, unlike Malouf, finds his connection with nature at a young age. This is because of his personal context of losing his parents as a child and having no sturdy adult guide, Wordsworth was forced into nature and away from society whilst Malouf chose to leave society and find nature.Although the ro mantic era was filled with nature lover Wordsworth was said to have an unnatural and concerning birth with nature, referred to as a nature worshiper. This comes as a concern to most readers. In his poem Tintern Abbey Wordsworth writes I cannot paint/ What then I was, showing and essentially fathoming over his boyish days when a blunt passion and a feeling that had no need of any interest/ Unborrowed from the eye developed from the natural world of Tintern Abbey. Despite never being conspicuous, religion has been implemented into the poem, most of it pantheistic. Wordsworth describes himself as having a far deeper zeal / of holier love Creating the image that mental images of nature can build an enigmatic brainwave of the holy.Malouf sets no major concerns with his audience however he did drift away from modern society to connect with nature. The times in which both writers wrote allowed their opinions on the attraction to nature to differ. Symbolism is used in both writers texts, In David Maloufs novel An Imaginary Life, one of the most compelling positions of characterization circuits around the Child. Malouf analyzes the broil of the affiliation connecting an old man, Ovid and the Child, and the modifications it brings in human personality. The Child in An Imaginary Life is not a child as a child, but here, the Child is a wild boy, as a symbol of barbaric or uncivilized society and mirrors the method of reflection and of the deepening of humanitys ontogenesis into a new self. Ovid represents civilized man who has to face changed life situation, in new place, as an exile.In this care for, the inner balance of Ovid self-ness has been tested through many experiences. Furthermore, the figure playing main region in Ovids process is The Child. Thus, the chronology of the meeting amidst Ovid and the child in Tomis is really about the process of shaping selfness. Wordsworth on the other hand symbolizes nature and people as one. In his poem opposed Fits Of P assion I Have Known, he continuously symbolizes the slug with the search for his love. As the moon falls his hope becomes lost. In almost all his poems, Wordsworth used I as a symbol to portray his own emotions. Both writers symbolize their hope in nature using certain descriptive languages.Both writers use nature as a symbol entirely. Word worth, in his poem The overture, symbolizes nature, Free as a dame to settle where I will, this shows he symbolizes a bird with himself. Imagery is used in all kinds of writing, it helps the readers understand what the author is seeing and feeling. Ovid, in An Imaginary Life has a fear of wolves eating him on page 56, this is ironic as the child who saves Ovid was raised by wolves, and he quotes What if the next tongue to touch me was a wolfs tongue? Rough, greedy.Malouf also wants his readers to imaginatively come to terms with the suffering and cruelty that resides in Australian history in the treatment of the native Australian people by wh ite settlers. Maloufs novels deal with the idea that there is a blurred boundary between history and fiction. Official history is revealed as partly a fiction something that gets modified over time. just now unofficial history, the lives of ordinary people, is in a sense the true history.the secret history that can be brought to life through fiction. Wordsworth on the other hand portrays imagery through beauty. Using descriptive language such as soft/gentle breeze, lofty cliffs, Tintern Abbey has great imagery used by Wordsworths, for exampleHere, under this dark sycamore, and viewThese plots of cottage-ground, these orchard-tufts,Which at this season, with their unripe fruits,Are clad in one green hue, and lose themselvesMid groves and copses. Once again I seeThese hedge-rows, hardly hedge-rows, little linesOf rollicking wood run wild these pastoral farms,Green to the very door and wreaths of smokeSent up, in silence, from among the treesWith some uncertain notice, as might seem Of vagrant dwellers in the houseless woods,Or of some Hermits cave, where by his fireThe Hermit sits alone.It can be concluded that although two people share almost the slender same views, to appreciate and allow others to appreciate nature, they both wrote in very diverse ways. This is clearly delinquent to historical, literary and authors context. Both Wordsworth and Malouf show the quality and importance of humanitys relationship with nature and how times and culture influence the relationship. Although they are influenced by very different cultural and social values, both writers have the same goal, which is to understand nature and become a part of it. Wordsworth learns through his interaction with nature in Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey, on Revisiting the Banks of the Wye during a Tour, July 13, 1798, and Its a Beauteous Evening, comfort and Free, that there is a spiritual presence in the landscape. Ovids interaction with nature helps him break drop the di visions between people and their environment to become at one with it. Both writers demonstrate how interaction with nature is necessary to appreciate it.

Slide animation Essay Example for Free

Slide energy EssaySuccessful presenting entails cogitateing on primal points, controlling the flow of information, and holding the audiences interest in the presentation. We brook include devil types of animation within a slide and from slide to slide. Animation on a slide, often c wholeed come alongs, sets how and when targets on the slide appear. Animation from slide to slide, called spiritual rebirths, specifies how a newly slide appears after the previous slide disappears. The close version of the PowerPoint includes powerful animation make and features. Animation can certainly enliven a presentation, only when too much animation will distract the audience from the main message. All professionals make the uniform point about animation pick bingle or two effects and stick to them. This linguistic rule applies to both animation on a slide and transitions between slides. Animating objects has an additional purpose to focus the audiences attention on what one i s saying. To animate a slide, one needs to bed what he is going to say while that slide is displayed and in what order.He then commits that order to determine the order in which the objects appear on the slide. Object animation is sometimes called a build because the objects build up on the screen, one after anformer(a). One can control the following aspects of the animation How the object appears. In what grouping the object appears. For example, text most often appears paragraph by paragraph still can appear by the word or even by the letter. Whether the animation occurs when one clicks the common mackerel or automatically after a preset number of seconds. Whether a sound plays during the animation. What happens, if anything, after the animation. For example, one can change the color of a previously displayed object when the next object appears or suppress it completely. For a quick solution, PowerPoint offers animation schemes a complete group of settings that one can quickly nail down to a slide or presentation. Animation schemes slang only to slide titles and text placeholders. To animate other objects the custom-made animation is employ. Several animation schemes also include slide transitions.When one animates placeholder text, all the text in the placeholder is considered one object. However, it is automatically animated paragraph by paragraph that is, green goddess by bullet, which is usually what is wanted. To animate by word or even letter, the custom animation is used too. For more control over animation, than the animation schemes proposed one need to create own settings. New features of custom animation include attaching more than one animation type to an object, animating an object along a path, and animating an object when another object is clicked.The number of the animation options that are included is vast. One can also animate objects such as AutoShapes and text boxes. Because these objects often serve to draw attention any way, adding animation to them only increases the effect. One can animate WordArt text too. Another type of animation controls how each new slide appears. Because these effects control the transition from one slide to another, they are called transitions.While some of these effects have the same names as animations, they look quite different when applied to an entire slide. Transitions, worry slide animation, has to be used with reserve. Many options are available, but that doesnt mean that one should use them all in one presentation. One of the best solutions is to choose a simple transition and apply it to every slide in the presentation. If the presentation is divided into sections, one could use a second transition to introduce each new section.

Sickle Cell Disease Essay Example for Free

reaping hook Cell Disease striveThis research in reachs the reader just about Sickle mobile ph adept illness. The goal is to raise awareness by describing what the malady is and where it originated. It gives advice on how to recognize signs in a crisis and how to swear out prevent any further symptoms. This focus uses facts from checkup websites such as Web MD and Mayo Clinic. This research highlights e rattling thing there is to get it on about reap hook cubicle disorder through detailed descriptions of where it comes from, how it is passed on, what it does to the body, and what hind end be done to help prevent it from getting rightfully bad. Sickle boothular telephone sickness is a dividing line dis site that is a genetic affection, which is inherited through boots. The bone marrow produces abnormal personnel casualty communication channel cells that are a crescent shape. These bolshie declination cells then get suck in the veins and cause many medical d ifficulties. This review will not investigate any personal experiences or experiences of any person. The sources importantly fill up that there are various researches trying to reveal helpful information for suffering patients. Researchers from the FSCDR administration instal out that regular decline transfusions can surmount the occurrence of strokes and attacks in reaping hook cell patients. fixedness monthly blood transfusions can help raise violent blood cell counts and therefore reduce sickling and blood clots causing health complications. Further research into preventative reme locomotes includes bone marrow transplants. Written by Vanessa Wasta this research goes in depth about how bone marrow transplants for patients with reaping hook cell disease be given. Explaining the procedure and requirements of it. Then in an early(a) oblige Saint Louis University Medical Center researchers study therapy to relinquish sickle cell pain. This study investigates treatment fo r young adults who are suffering from a pain crisis. St. Jude Childrens Hospital did research on how drug reduces hospitalizations and what the cost is treating young baby birdren with sickle cell genus Anemia. The article goes in depth on how a new drug is demonstrated to be effective for treatment of adults and children with sickle cell anemia reducing hospitalizations and cut annual estimated medical cost by 21 percentage for affected babes andtoddlers.Further more than a research found by Victor R. Gordeuk, MD discussing the canonic transitional research program in sickle cell disease. Explaining how there are two components of the research. scratch is to study the neurodevelopmental status in children younger than 4. The second is to expose high school students to a research lab research to cultivate interest in scientific research related to sickle cell disease. Johns Hopkins medicine then shows how low vitamin D levels raise anemia risk in children. The low levels of sunshine vitamin D appear to increase a childs risk of anemia, according to new research. The study is believed to be the branch one to extensively explore the link between the two conditions in children. Then gallium health Sciences University discovers that nitric oxide impacts the source of the sickle cell pain crisis. They reveal that nitric oxide gas appears to at a time impact the source of the classic pain crisis of sickle cell disease found from research.The main findings that I present come across is describing where it comes from, how it is passed on, what it does to the body, and what can be done to help prevent it from getting really bad. The genes you inherit determine the different forms of sickle cell. However, the most common form of sickle cell is sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell disease is a disorder in which the body forms sickle-shaped red blood cells (sickle-shaped means the blood cells are shaped in the form of a crescent). Normal red blood cells are disc-s haped that are similar to doughnuts but without the hole in the middle. The normal cells move instead easily through the blood vessels and contain a protein called hemoglobin. The hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.Unfortunately, sickle cell contains hemoglobin called sickle cell hemoglobin or hemoglobin S. Sickle cell tends to block the full point of blood through the blood vessels of the limbs and organs, which may cause severe damage in the organs. Sickle cell anemia occurs because an abnormal form of hemoglobin (HbS) is produced. HbS molecules tend to clump together, making red blood cells sticky, stiff, and more fragile, and causing them to form into a curved, sickle shape. Miller, R. (2012, September 01).Sickle Cell Anemia. Retrieved from http//kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/blood/sickle_cell_anemia.html. It gives a higher possibility that the carrier of sickle cell disease (SCD) can obtain infections.Sickle cell anemia is caused by mut ation in the gene that tells your body to produce hemoglobin. The sickle cell gene is passed put through from generation to generation in a pattern called auto-somal recessive inheritance. In other words, both the mother and the father must be carriers, or pass down the defective form of the gene in order for the child to be affected by SCD. However, if only one parent carries the sickle cell trait, the disease would not affect the child, but that child will become a carrier of the sickle cell trait. With one normal hemoglobin gene and one defective hemoglobin gene, pile that yield the trait produce both normal and defective sickle cell hemoglobin. Although their blood only contains a certain amount of sickle cells and may not experience any symptoms, they have a very high possibility of passing that defective trait onto their offspring if the carrier has fundamental interaction with another carrier of the disease.Because an individual that has sickle cell is actually born with t he disease, they experience symptoms after the first four months of the infants birth. About 2,000 babies are born with sickle cell disease each year in the United States. Sickle Cell Disease Symptoms, Causes, Treatments. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.webmd.com/pain-management/pain-management-sickle-cell-disease. There are six main symptoms anemia, episodes of pain, hand-foot syndrome, frequent infections, delayed growth, and vision problems. In the symptoms of anemia, sickle cells are fragile. They break apart easily and bust out leaving the carrier with a shortage of red blood cells. Red blood cells normally die out within 120 days however, for people that have sickle cell, their red blood cells die out within 10 to 20 days. Because of this shortage, the body cannot obtain the oxygen it needs in order to feel energized. Episodes of pain are exactly how it sound, yet they are called crises. Pain occurs when each sickle-shaped red blood cell blocks the flow of blood through the blood vessels. Pain may occur in the chest, bones, joints, and abdomen. adept of the first signs of sickle cell in an infant is the swelling of the hands and the feet. The swelling is caused by the sickle-shaped red blood cells blocking the blood flow to the hands and feet. Infections are a very common symptom that a sickle cell carrier has to undergo. Sickle cells can damage the lien and because the spleen is the organ that fights off infections, thebody is more vulnerable to infections. Due to the shortage of red blood cells in the body, the body is not obtaining enough nutrients and oxygen that it needs to grow.As a result of that, the infant or child experiences a delayed growth. Another symptom includes vision problems. We see due to minute blood vessels that are supplied to our eyeball. In sickle cell, those blood vessels may be plugged up with sickle cells damaging the retina. Sickle cell symptoms are mainly determined by how severe the sickle cell may be. When the diseas e becomes very severe, some symptoms may include paleness, rapid heart rate, gruffness of breath, yellowing of the eyes and skin, painful and prolonged erection, confusion, urinary tract infection, gallbladder infection, and more.Sickle cell is a diverse disease it is an inherited blood disease that affects people mainly of African ancestry. This disease also affects other people of different ethnic groups such as people who are of Mediterranean, Asian and Middle Eastern descent. In the United States, between 90,000 and 100,000 people have sickle cell disease. One in every cardinal African American carries the sickle trait and two million people carry the trait, meaning they carry a gene for the disease. The disease occurs amongst one out of every five hundred African Americans and one out of every thirty-six thousand Hispanics birth. Due to sickle cell anemia, this disease can egest to a variety of complications, including stroke, acute chest syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, or gan damage, blindness, skin ulcers, and priapism.Acute chest syndrome is a life-threatening complication. It causes chest pains, fevers, and lack of breath. In many cases, this syndrome is caused by a lung infection, but in this precise situation with sickle cell, it is caused by sickle cells blocking the blood vessels in your lungs. Sickle cell anemia may also cause pulmonary hypertension, which means high blood pressure in the lungs. It causes shortness of breath and difficulty breathing, which can eventually be fatal. Sickle cell anemia varies from person to person. few people who have the disease have chronic (long-term) pain or fatigue (tiredness). However, with proper veneration and treatment, many people who have the disease can have improved quality of life and probable health much of the time. What Is Sickle Cell Anemia? (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sca/.There is no cure for sickle cell anemia however, specialists are workin g on a cure at this very moment. One thing that people should do prior to making appointments for checkups, if they are a parent of a child with sickle cell disease, or if they have sickle cell disease, note any symptoms that they have experienced, spell down questions to ask, and bring psyche for moral support whether they are a friend or a family member. Different techniques work for different people, but it might be worth trying heating pads, importunate baths, massages or physical therapy. Sickle cell anemia. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sickle-cell-anemia/basics/coping-support/con-20019348.Sickle cell disease is an unheard of disease to many people and theres no clear physical appearance to tell if someone is diagnosed with the disease unless they mention it, but it is a disease that may have fatal results and it is a disease that needs to be studied more in depth. These researches explain different things that are being worked on to hel p prevent sickle cell pain and other medical complications. With the different researches it is found that therapy, blood transfusions, and transplants can be helpful. In the informative research that is about to be conducted there would inform the readers about sickle cell disease, what it is, and what can be done to help prevent pain and any other health complications.1. Miller, R. (2012, September 01). Sickle Cell Anemia.Retrieved from http//kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/blood/sickle_cell_anemia.html Sickle cell anemia article presents information about the disease for kids and teens to understand. It introduces topics such as where it comes from and how it is inherited. It lets the other peers know information on how it can be treated and pain crisis prevented. 2. Sickle cell anemia. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sickle-cell-anemia/basics/coping-support/con-20019348 This article describes what sickle cell is and breaks down in simp ler terms what can be done to help patients with this disease. It shows pictures and demonstrations on how the red blood cells work in the body. 3. Sickle Cell Disease Symptoms, Causes, Treatments. (n.d.). Retrieved

Customer Value Essay Example for Free

guest assess EssayCustomer Value smoke be explained in simple terms by knowing the difference between what the node gets from the product/ operate and what he or she has to ex vary in order to get it (may be money). It is real of import for any telephoner in the mart to catch this difference if failed to do so, this topic be one of the biggest reasons for the product/ dish out failure in the market. According to many researchers, in this ever growing world of technology and favorable media the organizations inability of establishing unique and convincing value to their products/services is the main reason for its failure. property its importance in mind, many companies tries to understand what is their guest valuing. However, this can besides be one of the to the highest degree awkward things to understand. There are many factors causing it to be difficult for the marketers overcome this issue. However, for this task we allow for focus 3 main aspects. Firstly, e genuinely guest values opposite product/service differently. It top executive be situational or poweriness be only for a definite period of time. Secondly, the market itself engine room and economic nature change the pace of the global market. With the competition aggressive as never seen before, it is important for the marketers to change their strategies with the ever changing market. Thirdly, some internal factors which occupy it difficult for organization to bring in guest value. Gist of Customer Value No one has made it clearer of this word Customer Value concisely than Lamb et al. (2008, 2009) who wrote, Customer Value is the relationship between benefits and the sacrifice necessary to obtain those benefits.Which intend if a product is of very good quality and is only obtained by paying a very high price give not be considered as of value by the nodes, just handle a low quality product which can be purchased for cheap price nevertheless a value of a product is on ly seen by a customer when the quality of the product meets their scene at an affordable price. Lets take an example of deep br induce some people get by to drinkable coffee at Starbucks which may monetary value $10 and some people like to drink coffee from a local coffee shop which may only cost $4. in a flash, people who drinks coffee at Starbucks expects them to use premium offee beans (Arabica) which tastes better and so are willing to pay $10 which charge (value) for Starbucks customers. On the same note, people who drink coffee at local coffee shop might just need to satisfy their caffeine addiction and they feel that it is worth for the price they pay. According to Butz and Goodstein (1996), a customer value is the emotional bond between the customer and the company (service/product provider) developed by means of the used service/product. The emotional bond is only developed when the service/product meets the customers expectation.Different researchers have defined custo mer value in different ways but it all revolves around words like benefits, satisfaction, expectation and worth. If a company who wants to understand customer value for their product/service they need to understand more well-nigh these words with jimmy to their customers. But it is not as easy as it seems. Perhaps, even in dictionaries its difficult to take in synonyms for these words because these words depend on situations. Challenges for marketers For companies to operationalize customer value in marketing their product can only be done by aiming their customers and market.These terms can be very challenging to learn or to understand because of its diverse nature. * Customers change is inevitable Customers take or wants can be situational. Different customers can seek same products/service for variety of needs. Vodaphone has a pre-paid mobile conception that allows customers to make international calls at a cheaper rate and also allows making free calls to local Vodaphone cu stomers. As an international student I choose this plan to make international calls at a cheaper rate but my friend who is a local chooses the same plan because most of his friends are Vodaphone users.Further to this, a customers needs may change with change in their circumstances. Just like, if I secure a part-time job which gets me constant income, I will consider changing my mobile plan to post-paid service which has more offers. Customers needs are dynamic and can change over time. We humans have different needs at different age. Products brought by a person from a shopping mall will be different when he was single and when he gets married and more so when hes a father. (Don Peppers Martha Rogers, 2010) It is difficult to predict or to foresee these changes in the same customer with the change in situation.At all(prenominal) crown of time, customers are trying to actually achieve their needs for that point of time (Hultink and Atuahene-Gima, 2000). There is no single system t o understand or to foresee customers need and to categorize them. Marketers should learn their customers needs beforehand to make their product valuable to their customers. To achieve this, organizations needs realise at their products/services through customers point of view (Don Peppers Martha Rogers, 2010). As the changes in customers situation can be quiet fast, organizations needs to be quick in changing their strategies and innovations to meet their ever changing customers.Technological drawbacks Climbing the technological ladder too quick might pull down the organizations efforts in boosting customers value for a service/product. An excellent customer service is very important to maintain or to boost the value of the product/service with regards to customers. handed-down human to human interactions have been replaced by human to machine interactions by the help of technology. These changes force customers to sweep self-service technologies which can create discomfort amon g some low-tech savvy customers (Parasuraman, 2000).There may be customers with limited knowledge in technology or may not be willing hire the technological introduction (Walker, Lees, Hecker and Francis, 2002). Almost everyone has experienced this scenario when they call a customer service center of telecom provider. The call cumbers bouncing to different automated machines and still our problems are not solved until we speak to a customer service executive. Similarly, online banking system with tight security measures some people still prefer to holler banks personally for some services.This is because either the customers are not willing trust these technological services or lack of knowledge to use these services. Secondly, Internet world made it easier for customers to compare the quality, product/service details, and cost of same/similar product from different companies (Bakos, 1997 Lynch Ariely, 2000). Customers can comfortable get study about the various products usin g internet at home without physically going to the market (J. Nielsen, 2000). This increases the competition exponentially and any company is vulnerable to this situation if they do not keep up with the hanging market trends.Companies have to constantly indulge in innovation that meets their customers expectation and introduce strategies to keep the customers excited about their current and upcoming product. Even a speculation of an upcoming product of the competitors can adversely affect the companys current product in the market. Like the speculation of Samsung ternary (latest mobile phone) with more and better specifications tremendously reduced the sales of iphone 4s current product, even to a point that the recently released iphone 5 didnt reach its evaluate sales mark.Barriers within Organizations Every organization has its own culture and employees working will be very comfortable with those culture. This culture may not be aligned with the ever changing customers expectati ons and needs. Using their own employees, organization tries to understand their customers needs by merely guessing it. By doing so, organizations come up with customers needs through employees perspective (or sales point of view) and not customers perspective. Now this guessed customers needs might be exactly opposite to what the organizations actual customers needs.This creates a difference between the customer value and service/product offered, which in turn results in unsatisfied customers (Woodruff, 1997). Example, Kodak Company was reluctant to change with the change in the market and customers needs. Customers were purpose it easier to use a digital camera over a film based camera. However, Kodak Company expected its customers to use film based cameras which are not user friendly. This gradually resulted in Kodak losing its customer base to its competitors those who embraced to this change in era.Now even if the organization decides to move towards the customers needs by pro per findings and learning their customers. It depends on managers to implement these finding in marketing their product and also in future products. Managers might be too busy with their normal duties to implement the learning on customer value. Thus the adapting to change becomes a problem when it is not in line with the introduction of new information on market change and their customers. This can also happen when the organization is reluctant to continuously fix their employees on the market and customer variations.ConclusionThere are many other factors such as market variations, globalization, wide variations in customers psychology, brand image etc. that makes it challenging for a marketer to show value to customers in their products/services. Theodore Leavitt of the Harvard Business School explained this idea by saying that The customer is not interested in a quarter-inch drill. Rather the customer is interested in a quarter-inch sight. By understanding the results preferred by the customer, an organization can invest its marketing and innovation in the right direction for the customers to achieve their desired results.

Mark Mathabane’s Kaffir Boy Essay Example for Free

none Mathabanes caffer Boy screenRacial Discrimination, has already been a long term phenomenon, in existent in almost wholly societies in different eras and civilization. The psyche of discrimination is inevitable. Considering that such(prenominal) discrimination creates social structure as regards what is evaluate of everybody in a society and what is due to them. However, sometimes this social structure is abused, beyond its limit. People who choke to a higher status quo would definitely do whatever it takes to keep it.To illustrate, colonizers who had way founder technology, scrap powers and knowledge as compared to areas being colonized, would come to these new conquests are superiors. They would then take the locals as slaves and ruin on the wealth that they exhaust to offer. In their own place, these locals become discriminated and unwanted. In return, locals would do whatever it takes to fit in themselves with the colonizers, by looking like them, being frie nds with them, working for them, or marrying people of their kind.And it always seems that it is the mature issue to do. When the British came to South Africa, this is ex stand forly what happened. Mark Mathabanes Kaffir Boy, tells a real story of a man who chose to fight a different battle to combat discrimination and inequality. While most of his relatives act as freedom fighters, he came to America to educate himself and to excel in a sport he loves. His success has effrontery so much inspiration. His story as depicted in his adjudge get out take us with him as he reveals the horrors of his past.Mark Mathabane lived in a country, wherein racial divide, for most of its too soon years seemed to be the only thing that defines them. South Africa, a country nestled in the mere of Africa, was once invaded by white colonizers too. And they have proven that they came there to stay. In a country such as South Africa, a nation so unique as compared to opposite nations in the Afri raft continent. South Africa can be considered as diverse in a special way, because it is the only African country that has Caucasians as locals.Originally dominated by ominous Americans, South Africa is now a warming pot of two cultures. Analysis It had never occurred to me that though the two were different as night and day, as separate as east and -west, they had everything to do with each other that one could not be without the other (94) This separatement from Johannes best explains the struggles of Mathabane. In summary it explains how the two dominant races in South Africa has tried to separate each group against each other, by mean of creating physical division such as creating boundaries and label certain places as black or white territory.Whites are in a way regarded to a greater extent superior because they are more literate as well. The g everywherenment also used stimulateal means to strengthen the divide by creating laws such as prohibiting mix marriages, and cr eating policies in the education system that seems to raise a specific race. Overall, it was almost the generally accepted norm, to- categorize, discriminate. Kaffir Boy, is a tale about Mark Mathabanes life growing up in South Africa, just outside of Johannesburg. Mark Mathabane lives in the town of Alexandra during industrial colonialism period with his parents, five sisters and a brother.He talks about how he go through brutality and starvation from the Peri Urban, an Apartheid police group in South Africa. Growing up very poor, he dreamt of having a better life for him and his family. He often questioned the prejudices happening around him and has decided to take the manakin of his destiny in his own hands. As a young boy, he struggled with his identity. He wonders which religion he should practice, which country or class he should belong. There is so much craving for autonomy that at a young age he began resenting his parents religious and tribal heritage and at last decide d to communicate Africa.Believing that religion, specifically Christianity was used wrongfully by different groups and races, he eventually rejected it. He believes that g everywherenment used it to claim that God had given whites the divine right to rule over blacks the black churches misused it by demanding money from Africans who were already destitute and black churches further misused it by re mutual oppositioning themselves to the idea that this was their lot in life, Gods will for black men and women (36). Mathabane also recalled how apartheid make use of tribalism as form of torture against Africans.He believes that his father, allowed himself to be tickled by superstitions, Relatively mature for his age, he reiterates his independence by doing what he pleases with his life. For Mathabane, the Christian God is bias in favor of the whites and is oblivious to the Africans pain. Although he recognizes its legitimacy as sign of respect for her mothers faith, he still rejects it the way he rejects tribalism and African superstition. For him, submitting to any specific belief or religion is synonymous with compromising his free will. In page 208 of the book he further on states African superstition and tribal culture were not for him.His scorn for his father lay in the concomitant that his father clung to values which had outlived their usefulness, values which discriminated against him while he attempted to function within the white mans military man (208). What Mathabane did accept, though it took some trial and error, was his mothers understanding that education would lead him to a better life. Learning English, he decided, was the crucial key to unlocking the doors of the white earthly concern (193). The books that white people read led to the power they had over black people (254). Mathabane eventually decided that literacy was a necessary element in the liberation struggle.How can the illiterate function, he wondered, in a world ruled by signs ( 201) Books had taught him about places where he could be free to presuppose and feel the way I want, sooner of the way apartheid wants (254). He then realizes that he needs to make important decisions in order to make his dreams come true. Thinking that South Africa has nil much to offer, at least for a poor black African boy like him, he decided to try his luck with American Universities. As he begins to plot his future, his tennis abilities begin to appear faster and better.Being an avid fan of Arthur Ashe, he takes his wins and losses as if his own. The achievements of his idol encourages him to do better every single day. From black state competitions, he started joining the more prestigious white state competitions. His participation in white state competitions led to his banning from joining black state competitions. At this point, he feels as if his progress in his craft takes him away from the things he loved the most. Luckily, Mark later on on consecrates for the Unit ed States as a university scholar, through the help of a famous American tennis player and other white donors.Conclusion Deep within me,I knew that I could never really leave South Africa or Alexandra. I was Alexandra, I was South Africa (348). This goes to show that despite of all the successes, the author looks okay in his roots. At first, his move out of Africa was just his way of escaping the endless circle of failed dreams and lack of opportunities. notwithstanding his absence in his country makes him reaffirm his identity, and gives him the opportunity, to finally appreciate what his past has to offer for his present and for his future.This book tells a very dark story filled with pain, sadness and loneliness on most of its chapters, barely it also provides a strong foundation for the readers to further understand the plight of the narrator. The journey he took was not only of hope, but rather, a journey of rediscovery. How can the illiterate function, he wondered, in a wo rld ruled by signs (201)? The books had taught him and transported him to places where he could be free to think and feel the way I want, instead of the way apartheid wants (254). Why burn the only thing that taught one to believe in the future, to fight for ones right to live in freedom and dignity? (285). Here reaffirms his conclusion as we experiences Soweto riots, which was triggered by resentment over the governments ruling that African education system be taught it Afrikaans instead of English. Upon witnessing the library burn batch he inquired for enlightenment from one of his peers, who mentioned that the burning is for the destruction of all the traces of white oppression in the Bantu Education system. The struggles in his youth, leads him to think that literacy is the key to success. by learning English, he will be given better opportunities, the same as the whites.According to the author, literacy has given the whites so much edge and power over the black Africans. Havin g an education will somehow even out the playing field. Literacy for Mathabane is so important, that for him this will eventually lead them to be liberated from all their struggles. In the end, we really have no control over our government, over the people around us, and over norms and traditions we grew up with. But we do have full control over our perspective, our feelings and destiny. And this is precisely what Mathabane did. He took charge of his own future.This book inspires me to examine the choices I have made as a young person, at the same time, it makes me wonder whether the previous steps I have taken in life will take me closer to my aspirations or take me farther. But then, it makes me think deeper not just about my ambitions, but what I really want to contribute to my society in the end. This book serves as a wake up call. In a society wherein we are given so much opportunity, it seems as if we are left with no excuses not to excel. Reference Mark Mathabane, 1998, Kaffi r Boy, Simon Schuster Adult Publishing Group

Supply Chain Management Essay Example for Free

Supply Chain watchfulness Essay on the whole tack reach management sh bes one common, and central, objective to satisfy the end client. All stages in a twine must eventually include consideration of the final node, no issuing how far an individual movement is from the end- customer. Each operation in the chain should be satisfying its get customer, exactly also making sure that eventually the end-customer is also satisfied.Supply chain objectivesMeeting the requirements of end-customers requires the summate chain to achieve appropriate levels of the five trading operations performance objectivesquality, speed, depend major power, flexibility and cost. Quality the quality of a product or swear step up when it reaches the customer is a function of the quality performance of every operation in the chain that supplied it. Errors in each stage of the chain go off multiply in their nitty-gritty on end-customer service. Speed has two meanings in a show chain context. The depression is how fast customers screw be served, an meaning(a) element in any businesss ability to compete. However, fast customer response loafer be achieved simply by everywhere-resourcing or over-stocking within the preparation chain. Dependability corresponding speed, one can almost guarantee on-time delivery by keeping excessive resources, much(prenominal) as inventory, within the chain.However, dependability of throughput time is a much more desirable aim be author it rivets uncertainty within the chain. Flexibility in a supply chain context is usually featuren to mean the chains ability to cope with changes and disturbances. Very often this is referred to as supply chain lightheartedness. The concept of agility includes previously discussed issues such as focusing on the end-customer and ensuring fast throughput and responsiveness to customer needs.But, in addition, mobile supply chains be sufficiently flexible to cope with changes, either in the nature o f customer train or in the supply capabilities of operations within the chain. Cost in addition to the be incurred within each operation, the supply chain as a whole incurs additional costs that arrive from each operation in a chain doing business with each other. These whitethorn include such things as the costs of finding appropriate suppliers, setting up contractual agreements, monitoring supply performance, transporting products amid operations, holding inventories, and so on.5 factors for rating alternative suppliersShort-term ability to supplyRange of products or services put forwarddQuality of products or servicesResponsivenessDependability of supplyDelivery and volume flexibilityTotal cost of being suppliedAbility to supply in the required quantityLong-term ability to supplyPotential for innovationEase of doing businessWillingness to sh are riskLong-term commitment to supplyAbility to transfer knowledge as well as products and servicesTechnical capability action capabi lityFinancial capabilityManagerial capabilityChoosing suppliers should reckon evaluating the relative importance of all these factors.6 supply chain descentbusiness-to-business (B2B) relationships are by far the most common in a supply chain context and include few of the e-procurement exchange profitss discussed earlier. Business-to-consumer (B2C) relationships include both bricks and mortar retailers and online retailers. Consumer-to-business (C2B) relationships involve consumers posting their needs on the web (sometimes stating the toll they are willing to pay), companies thusly deciding whether to offer. Customer-to-customer (C2C) or peer-to-peer (P2P) relationships include the online exchange and auction services and file sharing services.7 types of supply chain relationshipThe very opposite of performing an operation in-house is to purchase beloveds and services from outside in a utter(a) securities industry fashion, often seeking the best supplier every time it is ne cessary to purchase. Each traffic matterively be heralds a separate decision. The relationship surrounded by buyer and seller, therefore, can be very short-term. erstwhile the goods or services are delivered and payment is made, there may be no further calling between the parties. The advantages of traditional market supplier relationships are usually seen as follows They check competition between alternative suppliers. This promotes a constant drive between suppliers to provide best value. A supplier specializing in a small number of products or services(or perhaps just one), but supplying them to galore(postnominal) customers, can gain natural economies of scale. This enables the supplier to offer the products and services at a lower price than would be obtained if customers performed the activities themselves on a smaller scale. There is inherent flexibility in outsourced supplies. If demand changes, customers can simply change the number and type of suppliers. This is a far faster and simpler alternative to having to redirect their privileged activities. Innovations can be exploited no matter where they originate. Specialist suppliers are more likely to come up with innovative products and services which can be bought in faster and cheaper than would be the case if the accompany were itself trying to innovate. They help operations to concentrate on their magnetic core activities. One business cannot be good at everything. It is sensible therefore to concentrate on the important activities and outsource the rest. There are, however, disadvantages in purchasing in a totally free market manner There may be supply uncertainties. Once an order has been placed, it is difficult to maintain control over how that order is fulfilled. Choosing who to buy from takes time and effort. conclave sufficient instruction and making decisions continually are, in themselves, activities which need to be resourced There are strategic risks in subcontracting ac tivities to other businesses. An over-reliance on outsourcing can hollow out the company, leaving it with no internal capabilities which it can exploit in its markets. Short-term relationships may be used on a trial keister when new companies are being considered as more regular suppliers.Also, many purchases which are made by operations are one-off or very irregular. For showcase, the replacement of all the windows in a companys office block would typically involve this type of competitive-tendering market relationship. In some public-sector operations, purchasing is dormant coarsed on short-term contracts. This is mainly because of the need to prove that public money is being exhausted as judiciously as possible. However, this short-term, price-oriented type of relationship can support a d confessside in name of ongoing support and reliability. This may mean that a short-term least-cost purchase decision will lend to long-term high cost.Virtual operationsAn extreme form of outsourcing operational activities is that of the virtualoperation. Virtual operations do relatively little themselves, but rely on a network of suppliers that can provide products and services on demand. A network may be formed for only one shed and then disbanded once that project ends. The advantage of virtual operations is their flexibility and the fact that the risks of investing in outturn facilities are far lower than in a conventional operation. However, without any solid base of resources, a company may find it difficult to hold onto and develop a unique core of technical expertise. The resources used by virtual companies will almost certainly be available to competitors. In effect, the core competence of a virtual operation can only lie in the counsel it is able to manage its supply network.Partnership supply relationshipsPartnership relationships in supply chains are sometimes seen as a compromise between vertical integration on the one reach out (owning the resource s which supply you) and pure market relationships on the other (having only a transactional relationship with those who supply you). Although to some extent this is true, partnership relationships are not only a simple mixture of vertical integration and market trading, although they do attempt to achieve some of the closeness and coordination efficiencies of vertical integration, but at the same time attempt to achieve a relationship that has a constant incentive to improve. Partnership relationships are defined as relatively enduring inter-firm cooperative agreements, involving flows and linkages that use resources and/or governance structures from autonomous organizations, for the enunciate accomplishment of individual goals linked to the corporate mission of each sponsoring firm.11 What this means is that suppliers and customers are evaluate to cooperate, even to the extent of sharing skills and resources, to achieve joint benefits beyond those they ould have achieved by acti ng alone.At the heart of the concept of partnership lies the issue of the closeness of the relationship. Partnerships are close relationships, the degree of which is influenced by a number of factors, as follows Sharing success. An attitude of shared success means that both partners work together in order to increase the total amount of joint benefit they receive, rather than manoeuvring to maximize their own individual contribution. Long-term expectations. Partnership relationships imply relatively long-term commitments, but notnecessarily permanent ones. Multiple points of contact. Communication between partners is not only through formal channels, but may take place between many individuals in both organizations. conjunction learning. Partners in a relationship are committed to learn from each others experience and perceptions of the other operations in the chain. a few(prenominal) relationships. Although partnership relationships do not necessarily imply single sourcing by customers, they do imply a commitment on the part of both parties to limit the number of customers or suppliers with whom they do business. It is difficult to maintain close relationships with many different trading partners. Joint coordination of activities. Because there are fewer relationships, it becomes possible together with to coordinate activities such as the flow of materials or service, payment, and so on. randomness transparency. An open and efficient information exchange is seen as a key element in partnerships because it helps to build confidence between the partners. Joint problem-solving. Although partnerships do not always run smoothly, jointly approaching problems can increase closeness over time. Trust. This is probably the key element in partnership relationships. In this context, trust means the willingness of one ships company to relate to the other on the understanding that the relationship will be beneficial to both, even though that cannot be guarant eed. Trust is widely held to be both the key issue in successful partnerships, but also, by far, the most difficult element to develop and maintain.8 Matching the supply chain with market requirements. The supply chain policies which are seen to be appropriate for functional products and innovative products are termed by pekan efficient supply chain policies and responsive supply chain policies, respectively. Efficient supply chain policies include keeping inventories low, especially in the downstream parts of the network, so as to maintain fast throughput and reduce the amount of working capital tied up in the inventory. What inventory there is in the network is concentrated mainly in the manufacturing operation, where it can keep utilization high and therefore manufacturing costs low.Information must flow quickly up and down the chain from retail outlets back up to the shaper so that schedules can be given the maximum amount of time to adjust efficiently. The chain is then manag ed to make sure that productsflow as quickly as possible down the chain to fill again what few stocks are kept downstream. By contrast, responsive supply chain policy stresses high service levels and responsive supply to the end-customer. The inventory in the network will be deployed as closely as possible to the customer. In this way, the chain can still supply even when dramatic changes occur in customer demand. Fast throughput from the upstream parts of the chain will still be needed to replenish downstream stocks. But those downstream stocks are needed to ensure high levels of availability to end-customers.9 The bullwhip effectThe bullwhip effect, is used to describe how a small disturbance at the downstream end of a supply chain causes increasingly large disturbances, errors, inaccuracies and volatility as it works its way upstream. Its main cause is an understandable desire by the different links in the supply chain to manage their production rates and inventory levels sensib ly.Miscommunication in the supply chainWhenever two operations in a supply chain arrange for one to provide products or services to the other, there is the potential for misunderstanding and miscommunication. This may be caused simply by not being sufficiently clear about what a customer expects or what a supplier is capable of delivering. There may also be more clear-sighted reasons stemming from differences in perception of seemingly clear agreements. The effect is analogous to the childrens game of Chinese whispers. The first child whispers a message to the next child who, whether he or she has heard it clearly or not, whispers an interpretation to the next child, and so on. The more children the message passes between, the more distorted it tends to become. The last child says out loud what the message is, and the children are amused by the distortion of the original message.Reducing bullwhip effect sink lead timeInformation sharingOne of the reasons for the fluctuations in out put described in the example earlier was that each operation in the chain reacted to the orders placed byits immediate customer. None of the operations had an overview of what was happening throughout the chain. If information had been available and shared throughout the chain, it is unlikely that such wild fluctuations would have occurred. It is sensible therefore to try to transmit information throughout the chain so that all the operations can monitor true demand, free of these distortions. An obvious improvement is to make information on end-customer demand available to upstream operations.Inventory poolingStable prices10 time compressionOne of the most important approaches to improving the operational efficiency of supply chains is known as time compression. This means fastness up the flow of materials down the chain and the flow of information back up the chain. The supply chain dynamics effect was due partly to the slowness of information moving back up the chain.